Type 2 diabetes diet guide

Heart disease and type 2 diabetes often go hand in hand, as they are both chronic diseases resulting from metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is defined as metabolic dysfunction, and individuals have a cluster of risk factors including all or some of the following: high cholesterol, insulin resistance, high visceral fat and high blood pressure resulting from long term excessive energy intake, overweight and obesity, inactivity and poor diet quality.

People with diabetes are up to four times as likely to develop heart disease as those without. If you have a family history of type 2 diabetes or have recently been diagnosed, the steps you take to either prevent or manage this disease are the same steps you’d take to decrease your risk of heart disease.

Type 2 diabetes has long been considered a progressive disease. Once you have it, it will gradually become worse and worse. The best you could previously hope for was to prevent the progress and avoid insulin injections for as long as possible.

However, there is growing evidence that type 2 diabetes can not only be stopped in its tracks, but also pushed into remission. Here’s how you can do it and decrease your risk of heart disease while you’re at it.

It all comes down to insulin. Insulin is a hormone made in the pancreas whose job is to stop the body's blood sugar levels from getting too high. It does this by telling the liver and muscles to hold on to some of the sugar from the blood.

Insulin resistance, or reduced insulin sensitivity, is when the liver and muscles stop listening to insulin. Insulin is telling them to store the sugars, but they ignore it. In response, the pancreas produces increasing amounts of insulin to get the liver and the muscles to listen, but this leads to the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas wearing themselves out. At a certain point, the pancreas can’t produce enough insulin to match the resistance and blood sugar levels start to rise. This is when type 2 diabetes is diagnosed.

Therefore, one goal for someone with type 2 diabetes is to improve the liver and muscles' sensitivity to insulin. This can be done by stopping insulin from bombarding the liver and muscles, and reducing the workload of the pancreas.

In the initial stages, type 2 diabetes can often be managed with regular physical activity and healthy eating. From a dietary perspective, the best way to do this is to moderate the volume, type and timing of carbohydrate eaten.

Moderating the volume of carbohydrate

There is good evidence that a lower carbohydrate diet can improve insulin sensitivity. Note that a low carbohydrate diet does not mean a NO carbohydrate diet. There is actually no single definition of what a low carbohydrate diet is. Much of the research into improving insulin sensitivity focuses on an intake of between 20–40 per cent of daily energy from carbohydrates. For most people, this range can include a reasonable portion of carbohydrate-rich foods at main meals.

If you think you need to moderate the volume of carbohydrate you intake, try:

• Keeping the carbohydrate-rich food to about ¼ of your plate at mealtimes.
• Roasting carrot or pumpkin, instead of only potato or sweet potato.
• Ensuring that you measure out only ½ – 1 cup of rice for meals.
• Snacking on fruit and vegetables rather than muesli bars and baked goods.